confer (kanféer) - otorgar
 
defer (diféer) - posponer 

differ (dífer) - diferir, ser distinto 

infer (inféer) - deducir 
offer (ófer) - ofrecer 

pilfer (pílfer) - hurtar 

prefer (priféer) - preferir 

refer (riféer) - referir 


suffer (sáfer) - sufrir 

transfer (tránsfer) - transferir 

England
(in English, England) is one of the four constituent nations of the UK. Its territory is geographically formed by the southern and central Great Britain, an island it shares with Scotland and Wales, and about 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. Bordered on the north by Scotland, west Wales, with its two-land border, northwest to the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea to the south, east to the North Sea and on the south by the English Channel.
The territory of modern England has been inhabited by various cultures for about thirty-five thousand years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who settled in place for the V and VI. He became a unified state in 927 and since the Age of Discovery, which began in the fifteenth century, has had a large cultural and legal impact worldwide. The English language, the Anglican Church and the Law England taken as a basis for the legal systems of many other countries around the world-developed in England, and the parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.
The Kingdom of England-which since 1284 also included Wales-was an independent state until 1707, when they signed the Act of Union with Scotland, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801 Ireland joined the Kingdom of Great Britain creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1922. With independence and partition of Ireland from entoces is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.




The XXX Olympic Games was a sporting event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in the city of London, United Unido.3 The first event, the group stage in the women's football tournament, started two days before the inauguration, on 25 July 2012.4 Around 10,500 athletes from 204 countries participating in the Olympics Londres.5
After the candidacy headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then mayor Ken Livingstone, London was chosen as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th. IOC Session in Singapore, defeating Moscow, New York, Madrid París.6 and London is the first city to host the Olympic Games three times, having previously played host in 1908 and 8 September 1948.7
While budgetary considerations for the games have generated some criticism, November 10 they have also been welcomed as drivers of a new development in many areas of London in which sporting events are held, including sustainability issues 12 the main focus of the game will be the new London Olympic Park of 200 hectares built on a former industrial site in Stratford, east of Londres.13 the Games also used by many sites and facilities that were already built before the candidacy .

                                           Mariana Pajón

Mariana Pajón Londoño, ODB (Medellin, Antioquia, October 10, 1991) is a Colombian cyclist, BMX rider.

He earned a gold medal in BMX cycling in the 2012 London Olympics, earning his first award and the second Olympic gold in history colombiana.1 Having been Olympic medalist at the Games, the Colombian government awarded him the Cross of Boyacá.2

Besides Olympic champion, Mariana has won several world championships, national (Colombian and U.S.), and Pan American, among others.

charles dickens


Charles John Huffam Dickens (Portsmouth, England, February 7, 1812 - Gads Hill Place, England, June 9, 1870) was a famous English novelist, one of the most famous in world literature, and the chief of the Victorian era . He was master of narrative genre, which printed a certain dose of humor and irony, while practicing a sharp social criticism. In his work are the descriptions of people and places, both real and imagined. Sometimes used the pseudonym Boz.
Subsequent reviews such as George G. Gissing and K. Chesterton, championed and cheered his mastery of the English language as unique, and memorable characters, and largely deep social sensitivity. However, it also received criticism from readers best-George Henry Lewes, Henry James and Virginia Woolf, among them-which blamed certain defects to their works, as effusive sentimentality, unrealistic events and characters grotescos.1
His novels and short stories enjoyed great popularity in the writer's life, and still are published continuously. Dickens wrote serialized novels, the usual format for fiction at the time, for the simple reason that not everyone had the financial resources to buy a book, and every new installment of their stories was awaited with great enthusiasm for their readers, national and international. Dickens was and is still revered as a literary idol worldwide



Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Landport district, belonging to the city of Portsmouth, son of John Dickens (1786-1851), clerk of the Paymaster of the Navy in the arsenal of Portsmouth Harbour, and its wife Elizabeth Barrow (1789-1863). In 1814, the family moved to London, Somerset House, at number ten on Norfolk Street. When the future writer was five, the family moved to Chatham, Kent. His mother was middle class and his father always dragged debts due to his excessive inclination to waste. Charles received no education until the age of nine years, which later critics reproached him, considering his training in excess self. At this age, after attending a school in Rome Lane, studied culture in the school of William Gile, an Oxford graduate. He spent his time away from home, reading voraciously. He showed a particular fondness for the picaresque novels, such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle by Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones. This would be his favorite writer. I also read with relish adventure stories like Robinson Crusoe and Don Quixote. In 1823, he lived with his family in London, at number 16 Bayham Street, Camden Town, which was then one of the poorest suburbs of the city. Although his early years seem to have been an idyllic time, he was described as a "very young child and not particularly care." We also talk about his extreme pathos and his photographic memory of people and events that helped move the reality ficción.3
His life changed when his father was deeply denounced by defaulting on their debts and imprisoned in the Marshalsea debtors prison. Most of the family moved to live with Mr. Dickens to jail, then possibility provided by law, which allowed the family to share his cell delinquent. Charles was welcomed in a house of Little College Street, run by Mrs. Roylance and went on Sunday to visit her father in prison.

Grammar
Past pasive

Weather "Past" passive voice answers the question: "What was done?" = What did / did? or "What was being done?" = What was / were doing?
Example

• 
  
• Sally's legs were hurt in an accident.
  Las piernas de Sally fueron lastimadas en un accidente
• It is believed that a battle was fought here 400 years ago.
  Se cree que aquí se peleó una batalla hace 400 años.
• Our dog was not allowed to travel with us.
  A nuestro perro no se le permitió viajar con nosotros.
• You were not called yesterday.
  A usted no le llamaron ayer.
• Was the Tower of London used as a prison in former times?
  ¿Fue usada la Torre de Londres como una prisión en tiempos anteriores?
• Was he thought to have a gift for music?
  ¿Se pensó que él tenía un talento para la música?
• Paul was given three hours to make a decision.
  Le dieron a Paul tres horas para tomar una decisión.
• My neighbors were paid to take care of Pam's cat.
  Les pagaron a mis vecinos para que cuidaran del gato de Pam.

What was being done? - ¿Qué se estaba haciendo?

A house was being built.
Se estaba construyendo una casa / Una casa estaba siendo construida

• 
  
• The car was being washed when it began to drizzle.
  El coche estaba siendo lavado cuando comenzó a lloviznar.
• The girl was being chased by a dog when she fell down.
  La muchacha estaba siendo perseguida por un perro cuando ella se cayó.

 

Reported : Tense Changes 

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' . If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• direct speech: “I like ice cream”
• reported speech: She says she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• direct speech: “I like ice cream”
• reported speech: She said she liked ice cream

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven’t seen Julie”	She said she hadn’t seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I’ll see you later”	She said she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn’t change
Occasionally, we don’t need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• direct speech: “The sky is blue”
• reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue